cleveragents-core/docs/adr/ADR-005-technical-stack.md

adr_number, title, status_history, tier, authors, superseded_by, related_adrs, acceptance

adr_number	title	status_history	tier	authors	superseded_by	related_adrs	acceptance
5	Technical Stack	2026-02-16 Proposed Jeffrey Phillips Freeman 2026-02-16 Accepted Jeffrey Phillips Freeman	1	Jeffrey Phillips Freeman	null	number title relationship 1 Layered Architecture Stack choices are organized according to the four-layer structure number title relationship 3 Dependency Injection `dependency-injector` is a core stack choice for service wiring number title relationship 4 Data Validation Pydantic V2 is a core stack choice for validation and modeling number title relationship 19 Storage and Persistence SQLAlchemy and SQLite/PostgreSQL are the chosen persistence stack number title relationship 21 CLI and Output Rendering Typer and Rich are the chosen CLI stack number title relationship 22 LangChain/LangGraph Integration LangChain and LangGraph are the chosen LLM orchestration stack number title relationship 25 Observability and Logging structlog is the chosen logging stack	votes_for votes_against abstentions voter comment Jeffrey Phillips Freeman <Jeffrey.Freeman@CleverThis.com> This stack balances maturity, ecosystem support, and alignment with our architectural goals

Context

CleverAgents requires a cohesive technology stack that supports a CLI-first interface, LLM orchestration with multiple providers, structured data persistence, code intelligence indexing (full-text, vector, and graph), reactive event processing, sandboxed execution, and both local and server deployment modes. The stack must be Python-only for consistency and alignment with the LLM ecosystem. Every technology choice must have a clear rationale and defined minimum version.

Decision Drivers

• Must be Python-only for consistency and alignment with the LLM ecosystem (LangChain, MCP SDK)
• Requires CLI-first interface, LLM orchestration with multiple providers, and structured data persistence
• Need configurable backends at every infrastructure layer (full-text, vector, graph indexing) swappable via configuration
• Must support both local single-process and multi-user server deployment modes
• Testing stack must cover behavioral (BDD), integration, unit, and property-based testing
• Every technology choice must have a clear rationale and defined minimum version for reproducibility

Decision

CleverAgents is built on Python >= 3.13 as the sole implementation language. The stack is organized by functional area, with specific libraries chosen for CLI, LLM runtime, data persistence, indexing, configuration, testing, code quality, infrastructure, and observability.

Design

Core Runtime

Technology	Min Version	Role
Python	>= 3.13	Primary language. Type hint maturity, async/await, pattern matching, performance.
Hatchling	>= 1.21.0	PEP 517 build backend. Lightweight, standards-compliant.
uv	>= 0.8.0	Package installer and resolver. 10-100x faster than pip. Used in CI, Docker, and Nox.

CLI and Presentation

Technology	Min Version	Role
Typer	>= 0.9.0	CLI framework. Automatic help, type inference, Rich integration, nested command groups.
Rich	(transitive)	Terminal rendering. Panel, Table, Tree, Syntax, Progress, Spinner, Markdown.
Textual	(future)	TUI framework. Reactive terminal UI, servable as web app via Textual Web.

LLM and AI Runtime

Technology	Min Version	Role
LangChain	>= 0.2.14	LLM abstraction. Provider-agnostic chat models, embeddings, output parsing, tool calling.
LangGraph	(transitive)	Stateful workflow orchestration. StateGraph with conditional edges, checkpointing, streaming.
LangChain Provider Packages	varies	langchain-openai (>= 0.2.0), langchain-google-genai (>= 0.2.0), langchain-anthropic, langchain-groq, langchain-together, langchain-cohere.
LangChain Community	>= 0.2.14	FAISS vector store, FakeListLLM/FakeEmbeddings for testing.
RxPY	>= 3.2.0	Reactive streams. Subject, operators (map, filter, flat_map, debounce, throttle, scan) for event routing and backpressure.
MCP SDK	>= 1.4.0	Model Context Protocol client. Tool discovery and invocation against MCP servers.

Data and Persistence

Technology	Min Version	Role
SQLite	(system)	Primary database. Zero-config, file-based, ACID, WAL mode for concurrent reads.
SQLAlchemy	(transitive)	ORM. Declarative mapping, session management, Unit of Work, dialect abstraction.
Alembic	>= 1.13.1	Database migrations. Version-controlled schema upgrade/downgrade. Auto-applied on init.
python-ulid	>= 2.7.0	ULID generation. Lexicographically sortable by creation time for all entity IDs.

Indexing and Code Intelligence

Technology	Min Version	Role
Tantivy (tantivy-py)	configurable	Full-text search. Rust-based, sub-millisecond. Alternative: SQLite FTS5.
FAISS (faiss-cpu)	>= 1.7.4	Vector similarity search. Approximate nearest neighbor for semantic code search.
Qdrant	configurable	Vector search alternative for production horizontal scaling.
Neo4j	configurable	Knowledge graph for structural code relationships. Alternative: rdflib.
rdflib	>= 7.1.4	In-process RDF graph store for lightweight structural analysis.
OpenAI Embeddings	configurable	Default embedding provider (text-embedding-3-small). Alternatives: Anthropic, local models.

Configuration and Validation

Technology	Min Version	Role
Pydantic	>= 2.7.0	Data validation and modeling for all domain models and config objects.
Pydantic Settings	>= 2.11.0	Environment configuration with CLEVERAGENTS_ prefix and .env support.
Jinja2	>= 3.1.0	Template rendering for actor prompts, YAML interpolation, prompt templates.
TOML (tomllib)	stdlib	Global configuration format. Native nested table support.
YAML (PyYAML)	(transitive)	Entity configuration format. All entity definitions use YAML.

Testing

Technology	Min Version	Role
Behave	>= 1.2.6	BDD feature tests. Gherkin scenarios, custom parallel runner.
Robot Framework	>= 7.3.2	Integration tests. Keyword-driven CLI workflow tests, parallel via pabot.
pytest	>= 8.0.0	Unit tests. Fixtures, parametrization, plugin support.
pytest-asyncio	>= 0.23.0	Async test support for LangGraph workflows and RxPY streams.
pytest-cov / coverage	>= 7.11.0	Coverage reporting. Target: 85% line coverage.
Hypothesis	>= 6.136.6	Property-based testing for invariant verification and merge strategies.
ASV	>= 0.6.5	Performance benchmarks. Plan generation latency, CLI startup, indexing throughput.

Code Quality

Technology	Min Version	Role
Ruff	>= 0.1.0	Linting and formatting. Rules: E, F, W, B, UP, I, SIM, RUF. Line length 88, double quotes.
Pyright	>= 1.1.350	Static type checking in strict mode for the entire codebase.

Infrastructure and Deployment

Technology	Min Version	Role
Docker	multi-stage	python:3.13-slim, non-root user (appuser, uid 1000). Entrypoint: python -m cleveragents.
Helm	(chart)	Kubernetes deployment for server mode. Chart in k8s/.
Nox	>= 2025.4.22	Task automation. Sessions for lint, test, build, docs, benchmarks, coverage. Uses uv backend.
Forgejo CI	(workflow)	CI pipeline: lint → typecheck → behave (matrix 3.11/3.12/3.13) → build → docker → helm.

Monitoring and Observability

Technology	Min Version	Role
structlog	>= 24.4.0	Structured JSON logging with context binding (plan_id, decision_id, actor_name, tool_name).
LangSmith	(optional)	LLM observability. Tracing, token usage, latency, cost. Via CLEVERAGENTS_LANGSMITH_* env vars.

Additional Libraries

Technology	Min Version	Role
dependency-injector	>= 4.41.0	DI container. DeclarativeContainer with Singleton, Factory, Configuration providers.
watchdog	>= 4.0.0	File system monitoring. Auto re-indexing on file changes.
numpy	>= 2.1.0	Vector operations for embedding similarity and confidence score aggregation.
uvicorn	>= 0.30.1	ASGI server for hosting the A2A JSON-RPC 2.0 endpoint in server mode.

Constraints

• The entire codebase is Python-only. No secondary languages for core functionality.
• Version constraints are minimum versions; newer compatible versions are acceptable.
• All dependencies must be installable via uv and declared in pyproject.toml.
• Configurable backends (Tantivy vs. SQLite FTS5, FAISS vs. Qdrant, Neo4j vs. rdflib) must be swappable via configuration without code changes, enabled by the hexagonal architecture.
• The Docker production image must use python:3.13-slim with a non-root user.

Consequences

Positive

• A single language across the entire stack simplifies hiring, tooling, and maintenance.
• The LLM ecosystem (LangChain, MCP SDK) is Python-native, avoiding FFI overhead.
• Configurable backends at every infrastructure layer allow adaptation to different deployment scales.
• The testing stack (Behave + Robot + pytest + Hypothesis) covers behavioral, integration, unit, and property-based testing.

Negative

• Python's runtime performance is lower than compiled languages; CPU-intensive operations (embedding computation, large index operations) rely on native extensions (numpy, FAISS, Tantivy).
• The large dependency tree increases the attack surface and requires active dependency management.
• Supporting multiple configurable backends per infrastructure layer increases the testing matrix.

Risks

• Major version upgrades to LangChain or Pydantic could require significant migration effort.
• Tantivy and FAISS are native extensions that may have platform-specific build issues.
• The breadth of the stack means that not all developers will be expert in every component.

Alternatives Considered

None — specification-driven requirement. The technical stack is enumerated in the specification with specific version constraints and rationales for each choice.

Compliance

• Dependency pinning: pyproject.toml declares minimum versions for all dependencies. uv.lock pins exact versions for reproducible builds.
• CI matrix: The Forgejo CI pipeline tests against Python 3.11, 3.12, and 3.13 to ensure version compatibility.
• Vulnerability scanning: Automated dependency vulnerability scanning (e.g., pip-audit or safety) runs in CI.
• Build verification: Docker image builds are tested in CI to catch platform-specific build failures for native extensions.
• Performance benchmarks: ASV tracks key performance metrics across commits to detect regressions from dependency changes.