diff --git a/benchmarks/invariant_merge_bench.py b/benchmarks/invariant_merge_bench.py
index d68db24cf..87e5e853b 100644
--- a/benchmarks/invariant_merge_bench.py
+++ b/benchmarks/invariant_merge_bench.py
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class MergeSmallSuite:
 
     def time_merge_small(self) -> None:
         """Benchmark merge with ~13 invariants."""
-        merge_invariants(self.plan, self.project, self.global_invs)
+        merge_invariants(self.plan, [], self.project, self.global_invs)
 
 
 class MergeMediumSuite:
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class MergeMediumSuite:
 
     def time_merge_medium(self) -> None:
         """Benchmark merge with ~50 invariants."""
-        merge_invariants(self.plan, self.project, self.global_invs)
+        merge_invariants(self.plan, [], self.project, self.global_invs)
 
 
 class MergeLargeSuite:
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class MergeLargeSuite:
 
     def time_merge_large(self) -> None:
         """Benchmark merge with ~250 invariants."""
-        merge_invariants(self.plan, self.project, self.global_invs)
+        merge_invariants(self.plan, [], self.project, self.global_invs)
 
 
 class MergeDeduplicationSuite:
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class MergeDeduplicationSuite:
 
     def time_merge_dedup(self) -> None:
         """Benchmark merge with 60 invariants, all duplicates."""
-        merge_invariants(self.plan, self.project, self.global_invs)
+        merge_invariants(self.plan, [], self.project, self.global_invs)
 
 
 class InvariantSetMergeSuite:
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class InvariantSetMergeSuite:
 
     def time_invariant_set_merge(self) -> None:
         """Benchmark InvariantSet.merge()."""
-        InvariantSet.merge(self.plan, self.project, self.global_invs)
+        InvariantSet.merge(self.plan, [], self.project, self.global_invs)
 
 
 class ServiceEffectiveSuite:
diff --git a/robot/helper_m3_e2e_verification.py b/robot/helper_m3_e2e_verification.py
index bfd06a911..84e9d78c1 100644
--- a/robot/helper_m3_e2e_verification.py
+++ b/robot/helper_m3_e2e_verification.py
@@ -867,6 +867,7 @@ def invariants_enforced_during_strategize() -> None:
 
     merged = merge_invariants(
         plan_invariants=[plan_inv],
+        action_invariants=[],
         project_invariants=[project_inv],
         global_invariants=[global_inv],
     )
@@ -890,6 +891,7 @@ def invariants_enforced_during_strategize() -> None:
 
     invariant_set = InvariantSet.merge(
         plan_invariants=[plan_inv],
+        action_invariants=[],
         project_invariants=[project_inv],
         global_invariants=[global_inv],
     )